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— Célestin Badibanga Ne Mwine

(c. 1943, Mapungu, today CD) studied humanities at the Collège Albert 1er, today Collège Boboto, in Leopoldstad, today Kinshasa (since 1964), and politics, sociology, and economics at the University of Lovanium, today University of Kinshasa (until 1967). Specialization in history of modern art since 1965. 1967–1970 teaching assignment at the Institut Notre-Dame du Congo, today Collège Bosembo. Since 1975 head of modern art section at the Institut des Musées Nationaux du Congo. 1978–1998 founder and part-time professor at the National University of Congo and the National Institute of Arts. 1988 founder of the Centre Culturel Éspace Akhenaton, Lingwala. He lives in Lingwala, CD.

— Vojin Bakić

(1915, Bjelovar, today HR – 1992, Zagreb, HR) studied at the Akademija likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu, Zagreb (1934–1938).
Exhib.: 1950 and 1956, Venice Biennale. 1959, documenta 2, Kassel.

— John Baldessari

(1931, National City, CA, USA) studied at San Diego State College (B.A. 1953, M.A. 1957), the University of California, Berkeley (1954–1955), the University of California at Los Angeles (1955), at the Otis Art Institute, Los Angeles, and at the Chouinard Art Institute, Los Angeles (1957–1959). He lives in Santa Monica, CA, USA.
Exhib.: 1969, Art by Telephone, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, IL. 1970, Information, The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1971, arte de sistemas, Museo de Arte Moderno de Buenos Aires and Centro de Arte y Comunicación, Buenos Aires. 1972, Venice Biennale.

— Manuel Barbadillo

(1929, Cazalla de la Sierra, ES – 2003, Malaga, ES) studied law at the University of Granada (grad. 1953). He studied arts with the sculptor Emilio García Ortiz (1944–1947) and at a school of arts and crafts (1951–1953). 1959–1962 stay in New York. 1968–1973 participated in the seminars “Generación automática de formas plásticas” at the computer center of the University of Madrid.
Exhib.: 1969, Formas computables, computer center of the University of Madrid. 1970, Generación automática de formas plásticas, computer center of the University of Madrid.
Lit.: M. B., “Materia y vida,” in: Ernesto García Camarero (ed.), Ordenadores en el arte. Generación automática de formas plásticas, Madrid, 1969, pp. 17–23. M. B., “El ordenador. Experiencias de un pintor con una herramienta nueva,” in: García Camarero 1969, pp. 13–16.

— Renato Barilli

(1935, [–]) is professor of history of contemporary arts at the department of visual arts, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Bologna. Director of Scuola di Specializzazione in Beni Storici Artistici, University of Bologna. He lives in Bologna, IT.

— Antonio Barrese

(1945, Milan, IT) studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera, Milan. 1964 founder of Gruppo MID collective, member until 1972. 1972 started his career as a designer founding the PRO studio Programma e Progetto. 1979 founded the design studio Barrese. 1995 founded with Laura Buddensieg the studio Barrese & Buddensieg. He lives in Milan.
Exhib. and lit.: See: Gruppo MID.

— Dimitrije Bašičević (Mangelos)

(1921, Šid, today RS – 1987, Zagreb, today HR) studied art history and philosophy in Vienna and Zagreb (1942–1949, grad. 1949 in Zagreb, Ph.D. 1957). 1949–1959 assistant at the Moderna galerija and curator of the fine arts archive of the Yugoslav Academy of Arts and Sciences. 1959–1966 member of Gorgona. 1960–1964 curator of the Galerija primitivne umjetnosti, Zagreb. 1965–1971 curator and head of the Benko Horvat Collection. 1973 head of the Centar za fotografiju, film i televiziju (CEFFT) at the Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Zagreb. 1972–1978 member of the editorial board of Spot, a journal on photography published by the Galerije grada Zagreba.
Exhib.: 1968, Permanent Art, Galerija 212, Belgrade. 1969, typoezija, Galerija Studentskog centra, Zagreb.
Lit.: D. B., Sava Šumanovič. Život i umetnost, Zagreb, 1960.

— Oskar Beckmann

(1942, Vienna, AT) studied telecommunications at the Technische Hochschule Wien, Vienna. 1966–1980 founding member of ars intermedia. Since 1967 development of a “studio computer.” Later worked in telecommunications for the aerospace industry. He lives in St. Pölten, AT.
Exhib.: See: ars intermedia.

— Otto Beckmann

(1908, Vladivostok, today RU – 1997, Vienna, AT) studied at the Höhere Technische Gewerbliche Bundeslehranstalt Mödling (1927–1931) and the Kunstgewerbeschule des Österreichischen Museums für Kunst und Industrie (1934/1935). He studied sculpture at the Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien, Vienna (1936–1941). 1941–1944 head of the department of metal sculpture at the State School of Arts and Crafts, Krakow. 1945 return to Vienna. 1950–1961 position at the Akademie für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien. Since 1958 professor. 1966 first experiments with computing technology. 1969 development of a personal “studio computer” with his son Oskar Beckmann. 1966–1978 founder and head of ars intermedia.
Exhib.: See: ars intermedia.
Lit.: O. B., “Computergrafik – Computerfilm,” in: Alte und moderne Kunst, 102, 1969, pp. 36–39. O. B., “Computerplastik, cinematrische Modelle und choreographische Abläufe,” in: Alte und moderne Kunst, 102, 1969, pp. 43–46. O. B., “Symposion Zagreb,” in: Alte und moderne Kunst, 105, 1969, pp. 54. See also: ars intermedia.

— Jan Baptist Bedaux

(1947, Bergen op Zoom, NL) studied art history and archaeology at the University of Louvain, BE, and at Utrecht University, NL. 1968 founding member of Compos 68. 1975 assistant professor at the department of medieval art, Institute for Art History, Utrecht University. 1978 associate professor of art history, department of art history and archaeology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, where he was tenured until 2005. Since 2006 art consultant. He lives in Utrecht, NL.
Lit.: See: Compos 68.

— Božo Bek

(1926, Đurđevac, today HR – 2000, Zagreb, HR) studied art history at the University of Leningrad, today St. Petersburg, and the University of Zagreb (grad. 1952). 1954 co-founder of the Gradska galerija suvremene umjetnosti. 1954–1960 curator at the fine arts archive of the Yugoslav Academy of Arts and Sciences. 1960–1972 director of Gradska galerija suvremene umjetnosti, since 1961 the Galerije grada Zagreba. 1968–1972 chief editor and co-founder of the magazine bit international. 1972–1978 senior curator and since 1978 museum advisor at the Galerije grada Zagreba.

— László Beke

(1944, Szombathely, HU) studied art history at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest. 1969–1986 research fellow in art history at the Research Institute for Art History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Since 1990 professor of interdisciplinary studies, Magyar Képzomüvészeti Egyetem, Budapest. Since 1995 general director of the Mücsarnok in Budapest. He lives in Budapest.
Lit.: L. B. and Zsuzsa Varga, Kozma Lajos, Budapest, 1968.

— Štefan Belohradský

(1930, Presel’any, today SK) studied architecture at the Slovenská technická univerzita v Bratislave (1948–1952) and sculpture at the Vysoká škola výtvarných umení v Bratislave (1954–1959), Bratislava. 1961–1969 worked for the School of Applied Arts, Bratislava. 1967 member of Klub konkrétistů, Prague. He lives in Bratislava, SK.
Exhib.: 1968, Klub konkrétistů, Bratislava. 1970, Klub konkrétistů, Brno.

— Renzo Beltrame

([–]) was a collaborator of Silvio Ceccato at the Centro di Cibernetica e di Attività Linguistiche at the University of Milan and is a senior research associate at the Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell’Informazione in Pisa. He lives in Pisa, IT.
Lit.: R. B., “La Première machine sémantique,” in: Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Cybernetics, Namur, 1964, pp. 229–246.

— Luis Fernando Benedit

(1937, Buenos Aires, AR) studied architecture at the University of Buenos Aires (grad. 1963). Self-taught artist. Member of Grupo de Arte y Cibernética Buenos Aires since 1969. He lives in Buenos Aires.
Exhib.: 1970, Venice Biennale. 1972, Projects: Luis Fernando Benedit, The Museum of Modern Art, New York. See also: Grupo de Arte y Cibernética Buenos Aires.
Lit.: See: Grupo de Arte y Cibernética Buenos Aires.

— Ernst Benkert

(1928, Chicago, IL, USA) served in the U.S. Army in occupied Japan (1947). Attended evening drawing classes and a summer school course (1950) at the Art Institute of Chicago and studied art history at Harvard College (grad. 1953). 1956 summer school with Oskar Kokoschka in Salzburg, AT. 1957–1959 teaching assistant in studio art at the Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH. 1960–1971 founding member of Anonima Group. 1966–1990 taught art history and studio art at the Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY.
Exhib. and lit.: See: Anonima Group.

— Max Bense

(1910, Strassburg, today FR – 1990, Stuttgart, DE) studied mathematics, physics, geology, mineralogy, and philosophy at the Universities of Cologne and Bonn; 1937 doctorate in physics. 1938 scientific employee, IG Farben, Leverkusen. 1939 recruited by the German army. From 1941 physicist and mathematician in a high-frequency laboratory in Berlin. 1945 named chancellor of the University of Jena. 1946 habilitation thesis. 1948 fled to Western Germany. From 1949 professor of philosophy and philosophy of science at the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart. 1957 founded Studiengalerie des Studium Generale at the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart. 1953–1958 taught at the Hochschule für Gestaltung Ulm (HfG). 1958, 1960, and 1966/1967 guest professor at the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg. 1960–1964 lectured at the Escola Superior de Desenho Industrial and at the Museu de Arte Moderna, Rio de Janeiro. 1978 professor emeritus.
Lit.: M. B., Aesthetische Information, Baden-Baden, 1956. M. B., Programmierung des Schönen. Allgemeine Texttheorie und Textästhetik, Baden-Baden, 1960. M. B., Aesthetica. Einführung in die neue Aesthetik, Baden-Baden, 1965. M. B., “Projekte generativer Ästhetik,” in: M. B. and Elisabeth Walther (eds.), rot 19. computer-grafik, Stuttgart, 1965, pp. 11–13.

— Jonathan Benthall

(1941, Calcutta, today Kolkata, IN) studied English language and literature at the University of Cambridge (M.A. 1968). 1964/1965 employed by International Tutor Machines and IBM United Kingdom Ltd. 1965–1968 employed as a systems engineer and 1968–1970 as an investment analyst by Henderson Administration Ltd. 1971–1973 lectures program organizer, then secretary at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London. 1974–2000 director of the Royal Anthropological Institute, London. 1985–2000 founder and editor of the journal Anthropology Today. Since 1994 honorary research fellow in the department of anthropology, University College London. 1997–2003 chair of the International NGO Training and Research Centre (INRAC), Oxford. He lives in London, UK.
Lit.: J. B., “Artists & Technicians,” in: Times Literary Supplement, 3479, October 31, 1966, p. 1229. J. B., Science and Technology in Art Today, London, 1972.

— René Berger

(1915, [–] – 2009, [–]) held a doctorate in literature from the University of Paris. He was director-conservator at the Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne, and honorary professor of the University of Lausanne.
Lit.: R. B., Art et communication, Paris, 1972.

— Ueli Berger

(1937, Bern, CH – 2008, Bern) self-taught artist. 1959–1964 worked in architecture offices and as an industrial designer. Since 1962 collaboration with his wife Susi Berger-Wyss in furniture design and art projects in public spaces. 1982–1986 taught at the ETH Zürich. 1987–1993 teaching assignment at the Schule für Gestaltung Bern, which he had co-founded in 1987. 2001–2002 teaching assignment at the École cantonale d’art du Valais.
Exhib.: 1966, Weiss auf Weiss, Kunsthalle Bern. 1968, public eye, Kunsthaus Hamburg.

— Antonio Berni

(1905, Rosario, AR – 1981, Buenos Aires, AR) took drawing classes at the Centre Català in Rosario. 1928–1930 lived in Paris. 1969 member of the Grupo de Arte y Cibernética Buenos Aires. 1976 moved to New York, NY, USA.
Exhib.: 1962, Venice Biennale. See also: Grupo de Arte y Cibernética Buenos Aires.
Lit.: See: Grupo de Arte y Cibernética Buenos Aires.

— Gianfranco Bettetini

(1933, Milan, IT) studied electrical engineering at the Politecnico di Milano (grad. 1956). From 1965 teaching assignment for film history and criticism in Milan. 1976 professor for the theory and technology of mass communications. 1965–1978 taught film history and criticism in Milan and Genoa, semiotics in Bologna, and theory and technology of mass communications in Rome. Currently, he is professor for theory and technology of social communications and the director of the Istituto di Scienze delle comunicazioni e dello spettacolo and the Scuola superiore delle comunicazioni sociali, both at the University of Milan. He lives in Milan.
Lit.: G. B., Il segno, dalla magia fina al cinema, Milan, 1962.

— Sergio Bettini

(1905, Quistello, IT – 1992, Padua, IT) was an Italian art historian and critic. 1939–1949 director of the Museo Civico in Padua.

— Alberto Biasi

(1937, Padua, IT) studied industrial design at the department of architecture at the Accademia delle Belle Arti di Venezia from 1959. 1959–1964 founding member of Gruppo N. 1965/1966 member of Gruppo enne 65. He lives in Padua.
Exhib.: 1966, Weiss auf Weiss, Kunsthalle Bern. See also: Gruppo N.
Lit.: See: Gruppo N.

— Jiří Bielecki

(1929, Ostrava, today CZ – 2000, Haviřov, CZ) studied at the Průmyslová škola nábytkářská in Chrudim, today CZ. 1967 member of Union Artists and Klub konkretistů. From 1969 worked in interior and furniture design.
Exhib.: 1969, [–], Galerie bratří Čapků, Prague. 1969, [–], Galerie Antlitz, Haviřov.

— Robert Blackman

[–] was a member of the Art Research Center (ARC).
Exhib. and lit.: See: Art Research Center (ARC).

— Jaroslav Blažek

(1925, [–] – 2007, [–]) studied mathematics and descriptive geometry at Charles University in Prague. 1960s collaboration with Zdeněk Sýkora on the creation of structures. Later he created and exhibited his own computer graphic art. He was professor of mathematics at Charles University in Prague.

— Hans-Joachim Bleckert

(1927, Stralsund, DE – 1998, Stralsund) was a self-taught artist.
Exhib.: 1957, 1. Abendausstellung, Atelier Gladbacher Str. 69, Düsseldorf. 1958, 7. Abendausstellung. Das rote Bild, Atelier Gladbacher Str. 69, Düsseldorf.
Lit.: H.-J. B., ultrastabile systeme. Bleckert 1956–1969, Munich, 1969.

— Hartmut Böhm

(1938, Kassel, DE) studied under Arnold Bode at the Hochschule für bildende Künste, Kassel (1958–1962). 1969 and 1970 teaching assignment at the Hochschule für bildende Künste, Kassel, and 1970 at the Werkkunstschule Dortmund. 1973–2003 professor at the Fachhochschule Dortmund. He lives in Berlin, DE.
Exhib.: 1965, Licht und Bewegung, Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden. 1967, Kinetika, Museum des 20. Jahrhunderts, Vienna. 1968, public eye, Kunsthaus Hamburg.

— Vladimir Bonačić

(1938, Novi Sad, today RS – 1999, Bonn, DE) grew up in Zagreb, today HR, and studied electronics at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb (Ph.D. 1968). Postgraduate studies in London and Paris. 1968 started to utilize computer systems for cybernetic art. 1969–1973 head of the Laboratory for Cybernetics at the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb. 1971 advisor to the UNESCO on art and science matters and foundation of the “bcd cybernetic art team” with Miro A. Cimerman and Dunja Donassy. 1972–1977 founding director of the “Jerusalem Program in Art and Science” at Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, Jerusalem. 1973 member of the editorial advisory board of the journal Leonardo. 1978/1979 head of development of the multimedia and electronic library at the national library of Croatia, Zagreb, and the central library of the University of Zagreb. Moved to Germany in 1980 where he undertook R&D projects primarily in visual communications used by German television for election night reporting.
Exhib.: 1970, kompjuteri i vizuelna istraživanja / computers and visual research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb. 1971, Septième Biennale de Paris. 1971, Exhibition on the Occasion of the 25th Anniversary of the Unesco, Unesco, Paris. 1971, Art and Science, Tel Aviv Museum.
Lit.: V. B. et al., “Pseudorandom Digital Transformation,” in: Fourth Decus European Seminar, Edinburgh, Sept. 19–20, 1968 and Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 66, 1968, pp. 213–223. V. B., “Kinetic Art. Application of Abstract Algebra to Objects with Computer-Controlled Flashing Lights and Sound Combinations,” in: Leonardo, vol. 7, no. 3, Summer 1974, pp. 193–200.

— Paolo Bonaiuto

[–] is an Italian psychologist.
Lit.: P. B., Sulle opere di nuova tendenza. Atti del 2. Convegno nazionale Filosofia, arti, scienze, conference proceedings, FAS, Ferrara, Bologna, 1964, Marge, Bologna, 1965. P. B., Le motivazioni dell’attività nell’età evolutiva. Analisi fenomenologica, riferimenti e indicazioni per la sperimentazione, C.M.S.R., Milan, 1967.

— Bob Bonies (Bob Nieuwenhuis)

(1937, The Hague, NL) studied at the Vrije Academie and the Koninklijke Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten, The Hague, and at the Högre Konstindustriëlla Skolan, Stockholm (1956–1960). 1988–2001 director of the Vrije Academie in The Hague. He lives in The Hague.

— Gui Bonsiepe

(1934, Glücksburg, DE) studied graphics and architecture at the Technische Universität München, Munich (until 1955). Additional studies at the Hochschule für Gestaltung Ulm (HfG) (grad. 1959) under Max Bense and Tomás Maldonado. 1960–1968 worked for the HfG in research and teaching. From 1968 freelancer and design consultant in Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. 1970–1973 head of the design team for the “Project Cybersyn” for the Chilean Government. 1993–2003 professor at the department of design, Fachhochschule Köln, Cologne. He has also taught integrated media at the Escola Superior de Desenho Industrial (ESDI), Rio de Janeiro State University. He lives in La Plata near Buenos Aires and in Florianópolis, BR.
Lit.: G. B., “Arabesken der Rationalität” / “Arabesques of Rationality,” in: ulm, 19/20, 1967, pp. 9–23. G. B., “Mathematische Ästhetik,” in: format, 15, 1968, pp. 36–39.

— Davide Boriani

(1936, Milan, IT) studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera, Milan. 1959 participated in activities of the magazine Azimuth and Galleria Azimut. 1959 founding member of Gruppo T. He lives in Curitiba, BR.
Exhib.: 1961, Bewogen Beweging, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam. See also: Gruppo T.
Lit.: See: Gruppo T.

— Martha Boto

(1925, Buenos Aires, AR – 2004, Paris, FR) studied at the Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes and the Escuela Superior de Bellas Artes de la Nación Ernesto de la Cárcova, Buenos Aires. 1956 founding member of the group Artistes Non Figuratifs Argentins. 1959 emigration to Paris.
Exhib.: 1961, structures. art abstrait constructif international, Galerie Denise René, Paris. 1966, KunstLichtKunst, Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven. 1967, Lumière et mouvement, Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.

— Frank Böttger

(1946, Speyer, DE) was trained as an electrician and engineer. Since 1969 worked in the EDP department at Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB). 1971–1972 worked on computer graphics at MBB. He lives in Chapel Hill, Brisbane, AU.
Exhib. and lit.: See: MBB Computer Graphics.

— Angelo Bozzola

(1921, Galliate, IT) is a self-taught artist. 1954 joined the Movimento Arte Concreta (MAC) and in 1964 the Centro internazionale di ricerche estetiche in Turin. He lives in Galliate.
Lit.: A. B., Minimultiplo trapeze-ovoidale, Lugano, 1969. A. B., Tecnoscultura perazionabile di Angelo Bozzola, Turin, 1971.

— Tomaž Brejc

(1946, Ljubljana, today SI) studied literature and art history at the University of Ljubljana (Ph.D. 1979). Lectures at the Akademija likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu, Zagreb.
Lit.: T. B., Vid govora. Študije o modernem slovenskem slikarstvu, Maribor, 1972. T. B., Slovenski impresionisti in evropsko slikarstvo, Ljubljana, 1982. T. B., Temni modernizem. Slike, teorije, interpretacije, Ljubljana, 1991

— Florentino Briones

([–]) was the director of the computer center of the University of Madrid from its formal inauguration in 1969 until 1973. 1968–1973 participated in the seminars “Generación automática de formas plásticas” at the computer center of the University of Madrid.
Lit.: F. B., “El Centro de Cálculo de la Universidad de Madrid,” in: Revista de Automática, 1, July, August, September 1968, pp. 53f. F. B., “Pintura modular,” in: Boletín del CCUM, 8/9, January 1970, pp. 3–19. F. B., “Generación automática de formas plásticas,” in: F. B. (ed.), Formas computadas, exhib. cat., Ateneo, Madrid, 1971, n. p.

— Palma Bucarelli

(1910, Rome, IT – 1998, Rome) studied at the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy, University of Rome. 1942–1975 director of the Galleria nazionale d’arte moderna, Rome.
Lit.: P. B., Hans Richter, Rome, 1958. P. B., Scultori italiani contemporanei, Milan, 1967.

— Željko Bujas

(1928, Zagreb, today HR – 1999, Zagreb, HR) graduated in 1952 in English and Russian from the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb (Ph.D. in 1965 on mechanical translation). 1954–1965 assistant in the department of English studies, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 1965–1971 senior lecturer, 1971–1974 associate professor, from 1974 professor at the University of Zagreb.
Lit.: Z. B., “Kompjutorsko-leksikografski pristup kompliranju hrvatske sinonimije,” in: Suvremena lingistika, 1972, pp. 5f.

— Daniel Buren

(1938, Boulogne-Billancourt, FR) studied at the École des Métiers d’Arts, today ENSAAMA, Paris (1956–1960). He lives in Varennes-Jarcy, FR.
Exhib.: 1969, Konzeption-Conception, Städtisches Museum Leverkusen Schloss Morsbroich. 1971, At the Moment, Frankopanska 2a. Zagreb. 1971, Position – Proposition, Städtisches Museum Mönchengladbach. 1972, documenta 5, Kassel.
Lit.: D. B., Jean-Marc Poinsot and Marc Sanchez (eds.), Les Écrits (1965–1990), Bordeaux, 1991.